International Journal of Infection
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Jul 2015

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) observed in immunocompromised patients. This form has a chronic relentless course and is usually refractory to treatment..
Here is the report of a 43-year-old man referred to Infectious Diseases Clinic in Boo-Ali Hospital (Zahedan City, Southeastern Iran) because of multiple chronic ulcers for five months. During the time, he had been visited by many physicians and received many different antibiotics, but there was no relief..
Although DCL is rare, physicians should mind its occurrence it in any immunocompromised patient with diffuse cutaneous ulcers refractory to treatment..

Geographical differences in vaccination programs are a major public health problem, which is often linked to the availability of healthcare services and socioeconomic factors..
The current study aimed to identify the differences in the patterns and the reasons for incomplete vaccination of children in urban and rural areas..
Patients and In the current cross-sectional study, a total of 1039 children under six years (612 rural and 427 urban subjects) were recruited from a databank of partially vaccinated children from March to December 2013. A group of trained Community Health Volunteers completed the study questionnaires by interviewing the parents of the identified children during their routine home visits. The Chi square test and Fisher’s Exact test were used to compare the distribution of categorical variable between urban and rural areas..
The patterns of the number of missed doses of vaccine were similar for urban and rural subjects, but urban children 1 - 6 years were significantly more likely to miss subsequent doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP). A statistically significant association was found between mother’s age, place of birth and the number of missed vaccine doses. Rural healthcare providers more frequently disseminated vaccination information than urban vaccinators (P Efforts to improve vaccination coverage should be taken into account regarding the differences in the factors that contribute to the incomplete vaccination status of children in the rural and urban areas. The current study findings indicate that vaccination services especially in the urban areas need to be reassessed to ensure that all children are covered. To develop and promote childhood vaccination strategies, special attention should be paid to address maternal barriers for children under-vaccination..

Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic parasite in immunocompromised people. On the other hand, diabetes is a systemic disease which affects the immune system and minimizes cellular and humoral immunity and thus diabetic patients have an increased susceptibility to protean infections..
The aim of the current study was to determine the serum levels of toxoplasma antibodies in diabetic patients..
Patients and In this cross-sectional study, 205 serum samples were collected from diabetic patients referred to diabetes center in Ali Asghar Hospital in Zahedan (southeastern Iran). We evaluated the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii in the patient's sera using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay..
A total of 205 blood samples obtained from diabetic patients (42 men and 163 women with age range 13 - 60 years) were examined for the presence of toxoplasma antibodies. Among patients, 60 cases (29.3%) were seronegative and 145 patients (70.7%) were seropositive, included 53.145 (36.6%) (IgG, IgM) acute phase, 72.145 (49.6%) (IgG, IgM-) chronic phase and 20.145 (13.8%) (IgG-, IgM) false positive. The relationship between diabetes and toxoplasmosis was evaluated using the chi-square test (P Diabetes and consumption of half-cooked meats increase the chance of toxoplasmosis. Thus, it is recommended to study the serum level of antibodies against toxoplasmosis in diabetic patients and repeat it periodically..

Brucellosis, also called Malta fever, is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. Brucella species are small, Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped (coccobacilli) bacteria..
The aim of this study is to perform an evaluation of Isfahan inhabitant attitude about brucellosis and its common herbal treatment..
Patients and This evaluation was a simple random sample study, which was carried out on 162 people in the city of Isfahan, Iran, by means of questionnaires. The data was analyzed using SPSS for Windows (Version 21.0)..
Of 162 people that were interviewed, 90 (55.6%) patients were male and the other were female. Of these, 74 (45.7%) patients were single and 88 (54.3%) were married. Forty-three (26.5%) participants lived in the city. The average age of participants was 11.51 ± 29.11 years. There is no significant relationship between age, gender, education level, residence, and people familiar with the disease brucellosis, herbal treatment for brucellosis (P > 0.05)..
Our data suggest that the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of people in Isfahan, Iran, show no relationship with the attitude of individuals regarding brucellosis and towards common herbal treatments for the disease..

Lactoferrin is a multipurpose protein of the transferrin domestic. It is a spherical glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 80 kDa which is widely found in secretory discharges, such as milk, saliva, tear, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin is also found in secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and is released by some acinar cells. It also shows antibacterial activity in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin is due to its ability to bind to iron and make it unavailable to bacteria. Lactoferrin is a major component of the immune system; antibacterial activity is an important component of the innate immunity of the body..
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactoferrin on two different species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria..
The purity of lactoferrin was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were collected from different clinical specimens such as wound, blood, secretions, urine, stool, and sputum from Namazi Hospital of Shiraz. The colony counting assays were conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) G22-76 guidelines..
The results showed lactoferrin to be effective on both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella) bacteria. However, it was more effective on the Gram-positive rather than the Gram-negative bacteria..
Lactoferrin is able to bind to iron as one of its important features. It plays an important role in signal transduction and is anticancer, anti-adhesion, immune-modulatory, and antiviral. Regarding the increase of resistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to explore novel antimicrobial drugs..

Context: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly infectious virus which spreads through blood and other infected fluids such as semen. Individuals can be infected with the virus through sexual contact, by sharing needles or by a needle accident, by getting a body piercing or tattooing, and prenatally or at birth, if the mother is infected with the virus..
Evidence Acquisition: We searched medical databases (namely PubMed and Scopus) from January 2000 to January 2015. Keywords were epidemiology, transmission routes, and prevention of infection during pregnancy..
On the basis of our results, the transmission of the HBV from the infected mother to her child during pregnancy is an important way for the acquisition of the virus. The routine vaccination of neonates and the use of immunoglobulin at birth are very effective for the prevention of infection, when a mother is infected. Also, the treatment of the infected mother to decrease the viral load is another preventive method for the protection of her child..
Our study showed that routine vaccination in children and screening of pregnant women for the HBV infection and then preventative strategies for neonates are the most important routes for minimizing the transmission of infection from mother to child..